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Recording of April 26, 2017, webinar talk by Shannon Monnat of Penn State University.

Since 1999, nearly 2 million people living in the U.S. have died from causes related to drugs, alcohol, and suicide. The highest rates are among young and middle-aged non-Hispanic whites, especially those living in nonmetropolitan areas. This webinar will describe trends in drug, alcohol, and suicide mortality in the U.S., explore some of the potential explanations for why rates have increased over the past two decades and why these deaths are more prevalent in certain geographic areas, and discuss what it will take to counter these trends.

To see upcoming webinars from the Institute for Research on Poverty go to http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/media/webinars.htm

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Evidence that ancient farms had very different origins than previously thought

It’s an idea that could transform our understanding of how humans went from small bands of hunter-gatherers to farmers and urbanites. Until recently, anthropologists believed cities and farms emerged about 9,000 years ago in the Mediterranean and Middle East. But now a team of interdisciplinary researchers has gathered evidence showing how civilization as we know it may have emerged at the equator, in tropical forests. Not only that, but people began altering their environments for food and shelter about 30,000 years earlier than we thought.

For centuries, archaeologists believed that ancient people couldn’t live in tropical jungles. The environment was simply too harsh and challenging, they thought. As a result, scientists simply didn’t look for clues of ancient civilizations in the tropics. Instead, they turned their attention to the Middle East, where we have ample evidence that hunter-gatherers settled down in farming villages 9,000 years ago during a period dubbed the “Neolithic revolution.” Eventually, these farmers’ offspring built the ziggurats of Mesopotamia and the great pyramids of Egypt. It seemed certain that city life came from these places and spread from there around the world.

But now that story seems increasingly uncertain. In an article published in Nature Plants, Max Planck Institute archaeologist Patrick Roberts and his colleagues explain that cities and farms are far older than we think. Using techniques ranging from genetic sampling of forest ecosystems and isotope analysis of human teeth, to soil analysis and lidar, the researchers have found ample evidence that people at the equator were actively changing the natural world to make it more human-centric.

It all started about 45,000 years ago. At that point, people began burned down vegetation to make room for plant resources and homes. Over the next 35,000 years, the simple practice of burning back forest evolved. People mixed specialized soils for growing plants; they drained swamps for agriculture; they domesticated animals like chickens; and they farmed yam, taro, sweet potato, chili pepper, black pepper, mango, and bananas.

École française d’Extrême-Orient archaeologist Damian Evans, a co-author on the Nature paper, said that it wasn’t until a recent conference brought international researchers together that they realized they’d discovered a global pattern. Very similar evidence for ancient farming could be seen in equatorial Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Much later, people began building “garden cities” in these same regions, where they lived in low-density neighborhoods surrounded by cultivated land.

Evans, Roberts, and their colleagues aren’t just raising questions about where cities originated. More importantly, Roberts told Ars via email, they are challenging the idea of a “Neolithic revolution” in which the shift to city life happened in just a few hundred years. In the tropics, there was no bright line between a nomadic existence and agricultural life. When humans first arrived in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Melanesia, they spent millennia adapting to the tropics, eventually “shaping environments to meet their own needs,” he said. “So rather than huge leaps, what we see is a continuation of this local knowledge and adaptation in these regions through time.”

There is also evidence that, as soon as humans reached South America, they took up residence in the Amazon and began farming. Often these ancient farms evolved into highly-developed networks of cities like those of the Maya.

Do these discoveries mean that everything we knew about urban development in the Middle East is wrong? No, says Roberts. Anthropologists are simply realizing that early cities took extremely diverse forms. “Clearly, urbanism is different in different parts of the world, and we need to be more flexible in how we define this,” he explained. He continued:

The tropics demonstrate that where we draw the lines of agriculture and urbanism can be very difficult to determine. Humans were clearly modifying environments and moving even small animals around as early as 20,000 years ago in Melanesia, they were performing the extensive drainage of landscapes at Kuk Swamp to farm yams [and] bananas… From a Middle East/European perspective, there has always been a revolutionary difference (“Neolithic revolution”) between hunter gatherers and farmers, [but] the tropics belie this somewhat.

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The Future Farming Technology – Geographic History.

Power for agricultural machinery was originally supplied by ox or other domesticated animals. With the invention of steam power came the portable engine, and later the traction engine, a multipurpose, mobile energy source that was the ground-crawling cousin to the steam locomotive. Agricultural steam engines took over the heavy pulling work of oxen, and were also equipped with a pulley that could power stationary machines via the use of a long belt. The steam-powered machines were low-powered by today’s standards but, because of their size and their low gear ratios, they could provide a large drawbar pull. Their slow speed led farmers to comment that tractors had two speeds: “slow, and damn slow.”

Read More: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_machinery

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It is fairly common to fi nd many different chemicals and pesticides in use on a modern farm. So common, it’s easy to take them for granted. And taking them for granted can lead to carelessness. Here are some good practices for safe use of chemicals and pesticides on the farm.

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Dan shows you how to properly use your ECHO Chain Saw.

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Ranked diamond

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First Aid Training Course Sydney

First aid training equips participants with the knowledge to make a difference when accidents happen and in emergency situations. This means you’ll be able to think clearly and make educated decisions while waiting for medical assistance to arrive.

This course delivers the skills and knowledge required to provide first aid response, life support, management of casualty(s), the incident and other first aiders, until the arrival of medical or other assistance.

First Aid training covers topics such as Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR); fractures and dislocations; burns and scalds; head, chest, and spinal injuries; fainting and unconsciousness; bandaging techniques; severed limbs; poisoning, bites and stings.

Training Aid Australia offers Provide First Aid HLTAID003 training course throughout the week from Sydney CBD office.

For more information about the course, training calendar and online bookings, please click on the above link.

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This radio interview was conducted at ABC studios in Darwin NT on the 14th July 2017. Gordon Dedman from Bushcraft Survival Australia is interviewed by Lyrella Cochrane from ABC Radio Darwin about survival and bushcraft skills in the Australian bush and how to prepare for the unexpected.